{"id":42068,"date":"2025-03-19T11:28:21","date_gmt":"2025-03-19T11:28:21","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.amnesty.ma\/ar\/?page_id=42068"},"modified":"2025-03-19T11:29:03","modified_gmt":"2025-03-19T11:29:03","slug":"%d8%ad%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d8%b9%d8%a8%d9%8a%d8%b1","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.amnesty.ma\/ar\/%d9%85%d8%a7%d8%b0%d8%a7-%d9%86%d9%81%d8%b9%d9%84\/%d8%ad%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d8%b9%d8%a8%d9%8a%d8%b1\/","title":{"rendered":"\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<section class=\"wp-block-amnesty-core-hero aimc-ignore has-dark-background\" style=\"aiic:ignore;background-image:url('https:\/\/www.amnesty.ma\/ar\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2025\/03\/image_2025-03-19_111903061-1468x710.png')\">\n\t\n\t<div class=\"hero-contentWrapper\">\n\t\t\t<h1 class=\"hero-title\">\n\t\t\t<span>\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631<\/span>\n\t\t<\/h1>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\n\t<div class=\"image-metadata is-image\"><span class=\"image-metadataItem image-copyright\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u00a9 AFP\/Getty Images<\/span><\/div><\/section>\n\n\n<section id=\"section-dcd9ac85\" class=\"section\" style=\"\"><div id=\"dcd9ac85\" class=\"container\">\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-buttons is-content-justification-left is-layout-flex wp-container-core-buttons-is-layout-fdcfc74e wp-block-buttons-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-button is-style-link\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link wp-element-button\" href=\"https:\/\/www.amnesty.ma\/ar\/%d9%85%d8%a7%d8%b0%d8%a7-%d9%86%d9%81%d8%b9%d9%84\/\">\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-css-opacity is-style-wide\"\/>\n\n<\/div><\/section>\n\n<section id=\"section-919ff550\" class=\"section\" style=\"\"><div id=\"919ff550\" class=\"container\">\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-right\" id=\"h-overview\">\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:66.66%\">\n<p class=\"has-text-align-right\"><strong>\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062a\u0643 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0628\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u062a\u062f\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0623\u0648 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\u062a\u062c\u0631\u0650\u0651\u0645 \u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631. \u0648\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0641\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0628 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064e\u0651\u0636\u062a \u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0647\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0642\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0646. &nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-right\">\u0625\u0646 \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0645\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0645\u062d\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0631\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0641\u0636\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0646\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0647\u0627\u060c \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631\u0627\u064b \u062c\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0647\u0627 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is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:33.33%\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group wp-block-amnesty-core-repeatable-block linksWithIcons-group is-vertical has-1-items has-background has-very-light-gray-background-color icon-none is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center\"><strong>\u062d\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629<\/strong><div><span style=\"font-weight: bolder;\"><\/span><\/div><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 19<\/strong><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\">\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0643\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 19 \u0645\u0646&nbsp;\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 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href=\"#\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629\">\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"btn btn--white\" href=\"#\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644:\u0645\u0627\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u062a\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0641\u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629\u061f\">\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644: \u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u062f\u0639\u0648 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0641\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629\u061f<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><button data-slider-prev disabled>Previous<\/button><button data-slider-next>Next<\/button><\/section>\n<\/div><\/section>\n\n<section id=\"section-\u0645\u0627\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631\u061f\" class=\"section\" style=\"\"><div id=\"\u0645\u0627\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631\u061f\" class=\"container\">\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-why-is-freedom-of-expression-important\">\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631\u061f<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 19 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 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class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0637\u0629 \u062a\u0641\u0631\u0642 \u0645\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0641\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0627\u0631\u0639 \u062a\u0641\u064a\u0631\u0633\u0643\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0625\u062b\u0631 \u0625\u0635\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0646\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0643\u0648\u060c \u0641\u0628\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0631\/\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0637 2014.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n<\/div><\/section>\n\n<section id=\"section-\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629\u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0629\" class=\"section\" style=\"\"><div id=\"\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629\u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0629\" class=\"container\">\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-press-freedom\">\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0629<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0625\u0646 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\u064a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0648\/\u062a\u0645\u0648\u0632 2019\u060c \u0628\u062f\u0623\u062a \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0647\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0636\u062f&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2018\/12\/philippines-end-harassment-prominent-duterte-critic-maria-ressa\/\">\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0631\u064a\u0633\u0627<\/a>\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0630\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062e\u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u201c\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0631\u201d. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0642\u064f\u0628\u0636 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0628\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0631\/\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0637 2019\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 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\u0634\u0641\u0627\u0641\u0629. &nbsp;<\/p>\n\n<\/div><\/section>\n\n<section id=\"section-\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629\" class=\"section\" style=\"\"><div id=\"\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629\" class=\"container\">\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-the-digital-frontier\">\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u064a\u062a\u064a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u064e\u0651\u0627 \u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0646\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u062a\u064f\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0645\u0643\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0628\u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0644\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0631\u0648\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a 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\u0628\u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0626\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0636\u0637\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0642\u0647\u0649 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u062a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u064a\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u062d\u0648 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\u0628\u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0643\u0634\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u062a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0631\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0642\u0648\u0639 \u0623\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0636\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a. \u0648\u0646\u062d\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0641\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u062c\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0637\u0631\u0642\u0627\u064b \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u062d\u062c\u0628 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0646\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u062e\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0641\u064a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0641\u062a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0628\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0646 \u0628\u064f\u0639\u062f \u0628\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u062a\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0634\u0637\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0633\u0631\u0627\u064b. \u0648\u0641\u064a 2014\u060c \u0623\u0637\u0644\u0642\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0641\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0626\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u0645\u0649&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/ar\/latest\/news\/2014\/11\/new-tool-spy-victims-detect-government-surveillance\/\">\u201c\u062f\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0643\u062a\u201d\u2018<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/news\/new-tool-spy-victims-detect-government-surveillance-2014-11-20\">Detekt<\/a>\u2019 \u060c \u062a\u062a\u064a\u062d \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0633\u062d \u0636\u0648\u0626\u064a \u0644\u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0633\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629.<\/p>\n\n<\/div><\/section>\n\n<section id=\"section-c061916f\" class=\"section\" style=\"\"><div id=\"c061916f\" class=\"container\">\n<section id=\"section-\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0641\u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631\u061f\" class=\"section section--tinted\" style=\"\"><div id=\"\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0641\u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631\u061f\" class=\"container\">\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center\" id=\"h-what-is-amnesty-doing-to-protect-the-freedom-of-expression\">\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629<strong>&nbsp;\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0641\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631\u061f<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center\" id=\"h-case-study-poland-and-the-right-to-protest\">\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629: \u0628\u0648\u0644\u0646\u062f\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062c<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0642\u0627\u0645\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0641\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062a\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642 \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0639 \u0641\u064a&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2018\/06\/poland-peaceful-protesters-defy-escalating-assault-on-freedom-of-assembly\/\">\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0646\u062f\u0627<\/a>&nbsp;\u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0622\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 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\u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u0634\u0631\u0637\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0648 \u0648\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0622\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u062f \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062d\u064f\u0643\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0633\u062c\u0646 \u0644\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0633\u062a \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u064a\u0639\u0642\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<\/div><\/section>\n<\/div><\/section>\n\n<section id=\"section-\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644:\u0645\u0627\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u062a\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0641\u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629\u061f\" class=\"section\" style=\"\"><div id=\"\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644:\u0645\u0627\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u062a\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0641\u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629\u061f\" class=\"container\">\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center\" id=\"h-the-solution-what-is-amnesty-calling-for\">\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644: \u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u062f\u0639\u0648 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0641\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629\u061f<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0633\u0631\u0627\u062d \u0633\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0641\u0648\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0642\u064a\u062f \u0623\u0648 \u0634\u0631\u0637.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0634\u0637\u0628 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062c\u0631\u0650\u0651\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u062c\u0631\u0624\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u0648 \u064a\u062d\u062a\u062c\u064f\u0651\u0648\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0647\u0636\u0629 \u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0641 \u0644\u0642\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u062a\u0645\u0643\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u062f \u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0627\u062a.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:125px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group call-to-action is-style-top-and-bottom-border is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center callToAction-preHeading\"><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center callToAction-heading\">\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0645\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0646 \u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"callToAction-content\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0627 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u201c\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u062d\u0642 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u201d \u0644\u062a\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0639 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u062a\u0643\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0631\u0643.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<a href=\"https:\/\/academy.amnesty.org\/learn\/course\/external\/view\/elearning\/100\/SpeakingOutforFreedomofExpression\" class=\"btn\"><span><a href=\"https:\/\/academy.amnesty.org\/learn\/course\/internal\/view\/elearning\/28\/hryt-altbyr-hq-asasy\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629.<\/a><\/span><\/a>\n<\/div>\n\n<\/div><\/section>\n\n<section id=\"section-da523363\" class=\"section\" style=\"\"><div id=\"da523363\" class=\"container\">\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-css-opacity is-style-wide\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center\" id=\"h-related-content\">\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0630\u0648 \u0635\u0644\u0629<\/h2>\n\n\n<div class=\"grid grid-5 post-list\"><article class=\"grid-item aimc-ignore\" aria-label=\"Article: \u0625\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646: \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0633\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631\u064c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0634\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0639\" style=\"aiic:ignore;background-image: url('https:\/\/www.amnesty.ma\/ar\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2026\/06\/316544-1468x710-1-640x400.jpg')\" tabindex=\"0\"><div class=\"grid-content\"><span class=\"grid-itemMeta\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.amnesty.ma\/ar\/category\/news\/\" tabindex=\"0\">\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0628\u0627\u0631<\/a><\/span><h3 class=\"grid-itemTitle\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.amnesty.ma\/ar\/%d8%a5%d9%8a%d8%b1%d8%a7%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%b9%d8%aa%d9%82%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d8%b9%d8%b3%d9%81%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ac%d9%85%d8%a7%d8%b9%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%88\/\" tabindex=\"0\">\u0625\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646: \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0633\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631\u064c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0634\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0639<\/a><\/h3><\/div><\/article><article class=\"grid-item aimc-ignore\" aria-label=\"Article: \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631: \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0633\u0631\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0641\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0633\u0641\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0629\" style=\"aiic:ignore;background-image: url('https:\/\/www.amnesty.ma\/ar\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2026\/05\/316166-1468x710-1-640x400.jpeg')\" tabindex=\"0\"><div class=\"grid-content\"><span class=\"grid-itemMeta\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.amnesty.ma\/ar\/category\/news\/\" tabindex=\"0\">\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0628\u0627\u0631<\/a><\/span><h3 class=\"grid-itemTitle\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.amnesty.ma\/ar\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ac%d8%b2%d8%a7%d8%a6%d8%b1-%d9%8a%d8%ac%d8%a8-%d8%b9%d9%84%d9%89-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b3%d9%84%d8%b7%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a5%d8%b7%d9%84%d8%a7%d9%82-%d8%b3%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%ad-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b5\/\" tabindex=\"0\">\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631: \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0633\u0631\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0641\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0633\u0641\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0629<\/a><\/h3><\/div><\/article><article class=\"grid-item aimc-ignore\" aria-label=\"Article: \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633: \u0639\u0634\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0647\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644 \u0648\u0633\u0637 \u062a\u0635\u0627\u0639\u062f \u062d\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0639 \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\" style=\"aiic:ignore;background-image: url('https:\/\/www.amnesty.ma\/ar\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2026\/05\/316150-1468x710-1-640x400.jpeg')\" tabindex=\"0\"><div class=\"grid-content\"><h3 class=\"grid-itemTitle\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.amnesty.ma\/ar\/%d8%aa%d9%88%d9%86%d8%b3-%d8%b9%d8%b4%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d9%86%d8%b8%d9%85%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%ba%d9%8a%d8%b1-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ad%d9%83%d9%88%d9%85%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%85%d9%87%d8%af%d8%af\/\" tabindex=\"0\">\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0633: \u0639\u0634\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0647\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644 \u0648\u0633\u0637 \u062a\u0635\u0627\u0639\u062f \u062d\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0639 \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a<\/a><\/h3><\/div><\/article><article class=\"grid-item aimc-ignore\" aria-label=\"Article: \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u064b\u0627: \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0641\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0623\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0645\u0646\u0639 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0647\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062c\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a\" style=\"aiic:ignore;background-image: url('https:\/\/www.amnesty.ma\/ar\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2026\/03\/315616-scaled-1468x710-1-640x400.jpg')\" tabindex=\"0\"><div class=\"grid-content\"><span class=\"grid-itemMeta\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.amnesty.ma\/ar\/category\/news\/\" tabindex=\"0\">\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0628\u0627\u0631<\/a><\/span><h3 class=\"grid-itemTitle\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.amnesty.ma\/ar\/%d8%b9%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d9%8a%d9%8b%d8%a7-%d9%8a%d8%ac%d8%a8-%d8%b9%d9%84%d9%89-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%81%d9%8a%d9%81%d8%a7-%d9%88%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%af%d9%88%d9%84-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%b3%d8%aa%d8%b6%d9%8a\/\" tabindex=\"0\">\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u064b\u0627: \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0641\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0623\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0645\u0646\u0639 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0647\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062c\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a<\/a><\/h3><\/div><\/article><article class=\"grid-item aimc-ignore\" aria-label=\"Article: \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0646\u0632\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0636\u0639\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u0632\u0648\u064a\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629\" style=\"aiic:ignore;background-image: url('https:\/\/www.amnesty.ma\/ar\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2026\/02\/GettyImages-2253839665c-1468x710-1-640x400.jpg')\" tabindex=\"0\"><div class=\"grid-content\"><span class=\"grid-itemMeta\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.amnesty.ma\/ar\/category\/news\/\" tabindex=\"0\">\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0628\u0627\u0631<\/a><\/span><h3 class=\"grid-itemTitle\"><a 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